How two Arroyo Grande veterinarians became invaluable lifelong volunteers of the San Luis Obispo Botanical Garden

            As charter members since 1991, Gaby and Ken Levine had no shortage of incredible history to share with me about their time with the San Luis Obispo Botanical Garden. Before speaking to them over the phone, I already had heard about their involvement and impact with the garden community. As it turns out, they have always been an integral part in the Botanical Garden. Gaby served as President of the Board of Directors for many years and Ken has been an educational docent since the program began. As volunteer coordinator Joscelyn De La Torre put it, “they know almost everything.” With that recommendation, I knew Gaby and Ken would be the best place to start.

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            Because they have both been involved in so many parts of the botanical garden, I wasn’t sure where to start the interview. Fortunately, Gaby and Ken have no hesitations when speaking about the beloved garden and so they jumped right into our conversation. Check out some of the highlights of our conversation below. 

**Some of the interview has been edited for length and/or clarity 

Hannah: You’ve been around since the botanical garden started, right? 

Ken: Yes, we’re charter members so that was 1991. We’re both veterinarians. We had a veterinary practice in Arroyo Grande, so we were still practicing at that time, and we saw a little article in The Tribune that said, “if you’re interested in being involved in the formation of a botanical garden, call Eve Vigil” and so we did. So, we’re charter members and now, probably next to Eve we’ve been around the longest. [laughs]

Hannah: So, what was the beginning of that journey starting to volunteer at the botanical garden? I would love to hear more about that!

Ken: We both liked plants. We both used to visit, and still do, botanical gardens when we’re on trips and I had actually said at one point, “you know when we retire, I would like to be a docent in a botanical garden.” The problem was there was no botanical garden! [laughs] We weren’t going to move. And then this came along and we got involved. At that point of course there was no garden and we had meetings quarterly. And so that’s where we started! Right away, I was invited to be on the program committee. We had programs, so I was involved in getting people to speak.                                                                       

Gaby: There would be educational programs about gardens or something about Mediterranean climates. The garden demonstrates what a great garden you can have in a Mediterranean climate by using plants from a Mediterranean climate. It’s all over the world! You look at your hills here [San Luis Obispo] they’re all dried out in the summer and that’s because there’s no summer rain in a mediterranean climate.

We’re trying to promote sustainability and water conservation by looking at the whole ecosystem. In other words, trying to understand how everything balances out and looking at how things come around, so the garden evolves with the way social ideas evolved.

At this point in our conversation, Gaby began to discuss how the botanical garden was designed.

Gaby: We had a company called Portico, situated in Seattle that designed gardens. We got the funds together to have them come and be one of the groups offering to design the garden for us. We have 150 acres; it's a big area. I was actually on the board at the time we selected them, and, out of the good design presentations, that was definitely the one we all liked. Portico was given a National Landscape Architect Association award for this design. It is just a plan and a design, so we have had to change it a little bit, but the basic things are just it demonstrates the plants from the mediterranean climate areas around the world.

Hannah: Since 1991, what changes have you experienced since starting your volunteer work?

Ken: A major change is having our own building. We used to have an education committee and I was chair. When we gave our quarterly educational programs we rented the community room at the San Luis Obispo Library.  The disadvantages were that we could only reserve it two months in advance, and then if one of the local government groups needed the room, we were kicked out.   After the Preview Garden was built, we could use the 80 seat amphitheater, but only in the daytime, and not for slide shows.

Next, Gaby and Ken begin to explain why and how the buildings in the botanical garden were built.

Gaby: That’s the point that we said, “maybe we should look at putting up a building.” Well, the master plan shows the building north of where the developments are now over the hill a little bit towards the eucalyptus grove. That were supposed to be and there will be, eventually, a visitor’s center, a library and a conference room. Well, we ran a feasibility study to see whether we could raise enough money to build and found all these buildings were about 20 million dollars. So, this company said we could probably in the next four years raise 1 to 2 million dollars. We changed that plan and decided to build it along Dairy Creek road. The whole thing basically has been built by the garden. There’s essentially no government money into it at all. Really fortunately, Ken Haggard and Polly Cooper are the main, top people in the United States working on straw bale construction.                                                        

Ken: They’re both Cal Poly professors and they have a company called San Luis Sustainability.

Gaby: Right, so they came on board and they designed.

Ken: Marilyn Farmer who taught architecture at Cuesta College also created a plan.                    

Gaby: Yes, both presented plans. We looked at both of them and what we ended up with was mostly Ken and Polly’s, but some of the good things Marilyn had wanted we incorporated. We’ve built our own building so we could have a place to have our own meetings.                     

Ken: Well, Cuesta College built the building.

Gaby: Well, that’s right. Then what happened? Go ahead tell that part. [laughs]

Ken: Well, we were lucky. A construction technology program at Cuesta College was looking for a project of sustainable green architecture that they could build in two years. Tuesday and Thursday, they would come over and build. It took 3 years because 1 of those winters we had quite a bit of rain and it was always on Tuesday or Thursday it would seem like! [laughs] The first two years the construction itself was done by students and the third year the instructor hired Cuesta students that we paid. We also had donations like the electrician’s union. We ended up with a building that was built to LEED gold standard.                                                                     

Gaby: Very green.  A lot of the materials in the building are recycled materials.

Hannah: It sounds like you both have had a significant role in many parts of the garden.

Ken: Well, we’ve been involved. And then we retired in 1995 and that’s when we really got involved.

Gaby: We really think it's like our second home. Normally, we're involved almost every day. Either emails or going over there or Ken does a lot of tours, we have events over there, so it’s just it’s kind of like what we do.

We began to discuss the community they’ve established as regular volunteers.

                                                                    

Gaby: Once you’re involved and friends come along with you and see how much fun it is. That’s the thing; it is so much fun! It’s a great group of people and it’s just a very nice community.         

Ken: Tuesday mornings have always been, for as long as I can remember, the time most of us are volunteering in the garden. It’s a workday. That’s the day you really get to say hello to a lot of friends. Everyone is there because they want to be there. We enjoy each other's company and we work together really well.

Gaby: We constantly have about 100 volunteers that put in regular time. That’s a really good group. Actually, now we’ve developed a really nice tie with Cal Poly and Cuesta. We get a lot of interns and people with AmeriCorps that come with great ideas and lots more energy that some of us old people have now! [laughs] We have a board that’s much younger and very capable with wonderful active people. I’m just so pleased and proud and I felt perfectly good saying, “Ok, you take over. I’m done with this for now. Let me know what’s going on. You can always ask me for questions. If there’s something you want me to do, I can tell you yes or no.” Our staff is amazing.

Hannah: It sounds like it’s been an incredible community from the start.                                                  

Gaby: It has been. It’s changed a little bit, but it’s always kind of found the right direction. Somebody always seems to step up when it’s needed. There's a lot of people around. There’s nobody who really doesn’t care. And we’re all interested in what the others are doing. It’s nice.

                                                                                                             

Hannah: ​What are your favorite botanical garden memories you recall most frequently a​nd why?

Ken: We had for many years a garden festival. And it was on a weekend and it was held in the park right across from the preview garden. They let us have the whole park and we had booths and big tents, one for each of the five areas of the world. We had displays of gardens from different architects in there and children’s activities in each one of them. I have fond memories of that because I was much younger. [laughs] It took really 6 months of preparation for that weekend. One year, Gaby was in charge of the whole thing.

Gaby: Sent me to the hospital.                                                                      

Ken: Thought she had a heart attack, but it was just a strained back. My memories of it are that there were a whole lot of people having a really good time. We worked really hard and we would be there all weekend. We would get there at 6 in the morning and it opened at 9 or 10 AM. It was just a whole lot of people working together. The only problem with it was we worked really, really hard and put in a lot of preparation, but we didn't make any money. [laughs]                                                            

Gaby: We called it, instead of money making, we called it “friend making.” And it did! People still say they remember those festivals we used to have. Actually, Ken was being really nice. It took about 11 months to get ready for it and 1 month to get over it. And then we had to start all over again. It took all our energy. About the time when we were looking at building the building is when we realized we couldn’t do both because both were all consuming. We had a staff of one or one and a half people and the rest of it were volunteers. All of us have other lives, too, so we just couldn't manage it. And we couldn't justify it as making money.

Ken: We thought people were learning where the botanical garden was and that was the other problem. It really wasn’t because we would offer tours every 2 hours to go into the garden and hardly anyone ever left the park because there was music, food, everything that a festival has and very few people were interested in crossing the street. So, part of our purpose was not ever accomplished with it, but I still have very good memories of it because it was fun except the hard work. There aren’t a lot of us around that now that were involved in that time. Thinking back 15 years ago when we were still having the garden festival there aren't a whole lot of us around that were involved then.

This brought us back to discussing the building. It was great to hear about how much Gaby and Ken care about the process of establishing the Botanical Garden’s facilities.

Ken: That was another reason we had to build the building. We had a library, but it was divided between Dr. Malcolm McLeod, who was the botanist with Cal Poly who retired, Eve, and our house. There were all these books, but they were in three homes and not in a place where anyone could use them.

Gaby: Yes, and I was on the membership committee and I would meet with a lady in Shell Beach to work on membership cards. All our office stuff was scattered around, so finally we moved along, and we had a volunteer that was Debbie Hoover. The administrative stuff was at one end of the living room and they only had a trailer! You can see a lot of people were really dedicated. [laughs]

Hannah: Walk me through a day in the life as a volunteer.              

Ken: It really depends on where you are volunteering,  because it can be so different. If you talk about the workday Tuesdays, there’s different teams. There’s the garden team that is planting and weeding and watering plants and really developing the garden as a garden. And then there’s people in propagation up at the greenhouse--                                 

Gaby: That’s where I was.                                                     

Ken: --and they’re planting seeds, making cuttings from the garden, growing them up and producing plants for the garden. Then there’s the other teams, like there’s 3 of us on the accessioning committee which is cataloging the plants. We have a database where all of the plants are given a number and the year they’re planted. They have a little aluminum tag on them which has that information on them the botanical name and a number. There is a record when they die, if they die, unless someone doesn’t report it [laughs]. We have sheets in the kiosk where they write down the number and what bed the plant was in, so we can record that.

Gaby: And then there’s a librarian or 2 in the library every Tuesday, so people can come check out books.                                                                     

Ken: There’s the program committee and membership committee. They’re always involved with events.                                                          

Gaby: Because membership is kind of the greeting committee and then we asked them for the donation when they come into the meeting or program.                    

Ken: And the program committee is the one who gets the programs and introduces them.

Gaby: So, there’s all these different activities. Actually, the children's garden group’s workday is Thursdays. Generally speaking, we’ll have a day camp for kids and it’s really a chance for the kids to get outside. We actually have an oak tree they can get up into. [laughs] And they get to plant things and they get to go on hikes, and they get to explore the creek with someone and just be outside for most of the day.                                       

Ken: It’s really where you're volunteering for what your day is like, but it’s always a people thing. Whatever committee you’re on or whatever group you’re working in, those are the people you know best, but you also know all these other people that you’re going to be talking to and asking questions to. As a volunteer I would say, and I’ve been a volunteer for many different things, the garden is very special.

--

Thank you again to Gaby and Ken Levine for chatting with me about their experience with the San Luis Obispo Botanical Garden!

By Hannah Stein

Flower Friday: California Buckeye

What do humans and bees have in common? We both love California Buckeye (AKA Aesculus California)! This California native, fragrant small tree is known for its showy white flowers, pale green leaves in spring and its brown fruit seeds during summer dormancy. California Buckeye can grow to incredible heights of 10-40 ft and 30 ft in width. This tree prefers cool, coastal areas and does not require a lot of water, which makes it perfectly suited to thrive in California

Digitalis Thapsi

Aesculus California never has a bad day! Spring brings huge flowers the size of a hand, summer brings brown foliage that helps it to conserve water and fall brings beautiful golden globes wherever a seed has grown. Later, the winter brings a beautiful white structure. Then the process starts again! 

A variety of wildlife benefits from California Buckeye. In addition to bees, squirrels eat the seeds and deer love the low canopy the tree provides. Native insects like butterflies, moths, worms and caterpillars are attracted to the flowers. It is said to be toxic to non-native bees, but the plant is an important nectar source in the late spring to migrant butterflies.

This history of the great California Buckeye traces to uses by indigenous people of California. The Pomo, Yana, Yokut and Luiseno peoples used the pear-like fruits as fish poison. They would mash buckeye nuts and pour the contents into pools to stupefy or kill fish. Although the seeds are technically poisonous to humans, Native Americans discovered it is only poisonous when raw, so they figured out a way to cook buckeye seeds for food. 

Did you know that California Buckeye is known to live 250-280 years? With such a great life-span we are sure to have the beautiful Aesculus California around at the SLO Botanical Garden for a long time!

By Hannah Stein

The Invisible Garden: Katydids

Here at the botanical garden, our guests come in many forms. Some have two legs and others have four, six, eight or 1000! That’s right, I am talking about our insect, spider, centipedes and millipede guests. This week, get to know Katydids with volunteer Ryne Ortega! 

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“Tettigoniidae, more commonly known as Katydid are a common sight all around the world, save Antarctica. Here we see two Katydid nymphs, the juvenile form of the insect. Katydids are masters of disguise. Typically, Katydids camouflage themselves by resembling leaves or other bits of plant material. These nymphs, however, are brightly colored and definitely stand out! That is because they are not trying to blend in, instead, they are mimicking the assassin bug, a ferocious predator that other insects know to stay away from! The nymph will undergo multiple molts, when they shed their hard exoskeleton in order to grow, over the course of several months. After the final molt, the Katydid will be too large for many predators it was trying to fool, so it will take on a form that is a near perfect copy of a leaf. In fact, you may have passed by many in the garden without ever knowing that they were there! Mating season is during the late summer to early fall, and you will know it when you hear it! Just like their close relatives, the grasshoppers and the crickets, the male Katydids will put on a performance to try attracting a mate. This is done by rubbing its wings together in a certain pattern. After mating, the female Katydid will deposit her eggs into or onto leaves, depending on the species. The eggs will take three to four months to mature. During this time, the adult katydids will die off, either being eaten or by natural causes. This makes room for the next generation in the following spring.”

Thank you, Ryan, for teaching us about the Tettigoniidae! Be sure to check out our new segment “The Invisible Garden” every Monday on our social media.

By Hannah Stein

Flower Friday: Digitalis Thapsi

Have you noticed our latest botanical beauties? As we enjoy the spring sun and begin the transition into summer, here at the San Luis Obispo Botanical Gardens, our flowering plants are hard to ignore! We have been especially appreciating the bloom from our sun loving plants. For example, Digitalis Thapsi (AKA foxgloves) have been blooming in several patches throughout the garden. Digitalis Thapsi is a unique perennial plant originating from the Mediterranean. These distinct plants are known for their drooping lavender flowers that bloom in the late spring and summer and their light green, fuzzy lance-shaped leaves. You have probably seen them used as a color accent in a garden because their flower arrangement makes such a statement. Because digitalis thapsi are fire resistant, these plants are commonly used as borders and in rock gardens.

Digitalis Thapsi

In addition to their stunning raspberry-rose color, these plants are excellent for wildlife. Hummingbirds love to lick the nectar of our foxgloves while the butterfly larvae happily munch on its green leaves. Meanwhile, foxgloves are deer and rabbit resistant, so these animals naturally avoid foxgloves.

 However, don’t let these gorgeous colors fool you! The leaves on Digitalis Thapsi are highly poisonous to humans. Although the plant is poisonous in nature, the chemicals on the Digitalis leaves are processed to create the prescription heart drug, digoxin. Digoxin is used to treat congestive heart failure because it relieves the associated fluid retention irregular heartbeat.

So, how did Digitalis Thapsi get its name? The Genus name comes from the Latin “digitus” meaning “finger.” A finger definitely represents that iconic flower shape. The name “foxglove” dates back to 1542 when German botanist Leonhard Fuchs first recorded the plant. Fuchs gave the plant his German family name, which translates to “fox.” As the name began to catch on, Old English folk myths began to circulate about Digitalis Thapsi. These myths described how foxes wore the flowers on their paws to silence their movements as they stealthily hunted their prey. Later in 1847, English scientist Henry Fox Talbot proposed the name “folks glove” from the term “folk” meaning fairy. Regardless of how it got its name, sun-loving Digitalis Thapsi are hard to forget, so head on down to SLO Botanical Gardens to check them out!

By Hannah Stein

Prepare for Fire Season Now

In the past few years, California has experienced several devastating wildfires. As summer approaches, so does fire season in this state. Prepare yourself for this upcoming season by protecting your home from potential wildfires with well-spaced and well maintained fire-resistant plants. These plants store water in their stems/leaves, grow deep roots to limit erosion, grow slow with very little need for care, and contain very little amount of volatile oils. Some of these useful plants are Ceanothus impressus, Aloe striata, and Aeonium haworthii- all of which are grown locally. For a more extensive list of plants, see the “Starter List of Fire-Resistant Plants” on the San Luis Obispo Botanical Garden’s website.

Ceanothus impressus

Ceanothus impressus

Aloe striata

Aloe striata

Aeonium haworthii

Aeonium haworthii

First 30 feet zone.

First 30 feet zone.

Another way to protect your home this season is to create a defensible space around your home. It is suggested that you separate this space into two zones: the first zone within 30 feet of the house and the second zone 30 to 100 feet away from the home. In zone one, the area should be clear of debris and flammable objects. Remove all dead plants from this area and have irrigated, fire-resistant plants in this zone. Create paths between these plants and trees as well so that, in case of a fire, firefighters can move through these zones easily. In zone two, you should focus on fire fuel reduction. Dried annual grasses should be mowed to 4 inches, and dead twigs and weeds should be removed from the area. Keep plants fire resistant with a height no taller than four feet; these plants should also be thinned to reduce the volume of fuel. If planting shrubs, make sure they are separated from the trees so that, if a fire should occur, the shrubs will not act as a ladder for the fire to reach the trees’ canopies.

Gazebo with zone 1 in immediate background and zone two further up hillside.

Gazebo with zone 1 in immediate background and zone two further up hillside.

The SLO Botanical Garden has its own Fire Safe Garden, demonstrating the best ways your garden can help  protect your home from wildfires. This particular garden has examples of both zone one and zone two plantings surrounding the gazebo; in this instance, the gazebo is meant to represent the home. The Fire Safe Garden displays a variety of fire-resistant plants that you can plant around your own home. Come visit and see how beautiful a fire-safe garden can be!

By Chelsea Planesi

Reasons to Get Outside this Winter in San Luis Obispo

Winter doesn’t put a chill on activities in San Luis Obispo. Located in California’s Central Coast Region, the weather is mild year-round, with few freezes and lots of balmy days. While folks in other parts of the country shiver, San Luis Obispo offers opportunities to get out and stretch the muscles. It's perfect for hiking the trails, meandering in the town’s rich history, strolling the nearby beaches, or visiting lush gardens.

Put Your Green Thumb to Work

The area seldom has freezes and virtually no snow. You'll often enjoy an 80-degree day in the winter. Combine that with generous rain in the cool season, and you have a gardener’s paradise.

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The San Luis Obispo Botanical Garden is a rich resource for gardeners — and a great place to just wander and commune with nature. This is actually a collection of gardens spreading over 150 acres and includes an educational center where visitors can learn and hone their gardening skills. The garden began as an idea in 1989 and opened in 1997. The SLOBG is a work in progress and when completed, it will be one of the largest botanical gardens in the western United states.

Check out all the beautiful blooming South African plants in the winter!

Once you get inspired at the San Luis Obispo Botanical Garden, remember winter is a good time to get things ready for the growing season at your home by getting beds mulched and shrubs and trees pruned. Learn about great California Native plants perfect for your landscape.

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Hike or Kayak

The mountains surround San Luis Obispo, so it's not tough to find scenic trails. There is a easy to moderate Discovery Hiking Trail at the San Luis Obispo Botanical Garden, which provides panoramic views of hills and all the way to the Pacific Ocean! In El Chorro Park Trail you can aso check out the Eagle Rock or Oak Woodland trails, an easy 3-mile walk. Or try Bishop Peak Trail if you’re a little more ambitious. Bishop Peak is a volcano, but don’t worry – it’s extinct. Bishop is the tallest of the Nine Peaks of San Luis Obispo, a series of volcanic peaks that stretch from the town to the Pacific Ocean.

Don't miss the Poly Canyon Trail to the Architecture Graveyard, where college students built several quirky buildings. In addition to hiking, the outdoor adventures at San Luis Obispo are great for bird-watchers. Morro Bay is a small sheltered bay that draws kayaking fans with the attraction of sea otters who like to frolic with the boaters.

Go Downtown

Downtown San Luis Obispo is bustling year-round with restaurants, boutiques, and performing arts. When you visit the historic Fremont Theater, you’re walking in the steps of stars: The comic duo Laurel and Hardy opened the theater in 1942. More recently, it has seen shows from Adam Ant and Bone Thugs-n-Harmony, and stars including Jeff Bridges and Morgan Freeman have attended the annual San Luis Obispo Film Festival.

The Downtown Farmers Market draws locals and visitors every Thursday evening. Hungry? You’ll find everything from farm-fresh cuisine at the Big Sky Cafe to fine Italian fare at Giuseppe’s.

For laughs, try your hand at Comedy Night at the Libertine Brewery. You can also enjoy a cold one at the many bars and clubs offering regular happy hours. If you want something a little bizarre, check out Bubblegum Alley, where wads of chewed gum form a graffiti mosaic.

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Explore the Past

San Luis Obispo is a history buff’s haven.  The town dates its beginnings to 1772 when construction began on a Catholic mission. Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa still exists in the Downtown Historic District. You'll find five historic districts and more than 180 designated historic buildings. All trace the city’s past through the era of big ranches, gold mining, and its wild and wooly Old West Days. Enjoy a walk or take a trolley to history-rich sites like the Chinatown District, the Victorian-era Jack House, and the Point San Luis Lighthouse. Just up the coast, the breathtaking Hearst Castle is a must for locals and tourists. Back in town, kids will love the interactive learning exhibits at the Children’s Museum.

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Bum the Beaches

Summer may draw the suntan crowd, but mild winter days are perfect for doing a little beachcombing. Unlike the crowded beaches farther south, these shores give you space to amble and admire the magnificence of the sea. A quick drive from town puts you on the coast where beaches stretch for 80 miles along scenic Highway 1.

Far from shutting down for the winter, San Luis Obispo revs up, so there’s no excuse to hibernate.  Get out and enjoy what this city by the sea and mountains has to offer!

By Olivia Macdonald

After months of weeding and planning...

We’re finally PLANTING!!

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We first began site preparation for the Weaving Restoration Garden about a year ago, December 2018. In the past year we have been able to spread the word about the creation of this garden and have received tremendous support. We’ve had over 250 hands weed and mulch, resulting with over 1,000 hours donated to this site. We have received support through other non-profits in San Luis Obispo, Cal Poly Students/professors, SLOBG volunteers, and SLO locals/professionals that are supporting the creation of this garden.

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Our Saturday Work Days typically consist of weeding, mulching, and trail maintenance. After months of weeding and mulching we began planting a few weeks ago (December 14, 2019). This planting day served to be a great step forward in the project. Transitioning from strictly site maintenance to actually reintroducing the California Native Plants that will be occupying this garden. For the SLOBG staff and interns that are involved in the creation of this garden, our first planting day served to be a heart warming success.

We invite our previous volunteers and future volunteers to help us continue planting! Help us spread the word about our garden. Help us show SLO what we are creating for our community.

by Nicole Argueta

Quercus tomentella leaves

by Ken Levine

The data base of our botanical garden’s plant collection is available to all other botanical gardens and arboreta. For this reason, when the Hoban Laboratory at the 1700 acre Morton Arboretum in Lisle, Illinois needed frozen leaves of Quercus tomentella trees (Channel Island Oak) they contacted us. In July of this year, we sent them leaves from 5 Quercus tomentella trees. These leaves were taken from the single tree in the Display Garden, and 4 trees in the Oak Grove above the Oak Glen Pavilion. The laboratory is doing genetic studies on rare North American Oaks. Quercus tomentella is only native to the Channel Islands off the California coast, and Guadalupe Island off the Baja California Coast. Losses of trees on these Islands as well as their limited range has led to them being considered rare. Their genetic studies will compare the genetic makeup of natural occurring groves, and trees in botanical Gardens and arboreta.

“Varmints” in the Garden!

By Tamara Blett

Do gophers and other burrowing critters in your garden make you want to play “whack a mole”? If so, you’re not alone, the digging rodents are known to create havoc in landscapes; eating plant bulbs, roots, fruit and vegetation, and turning yards into surfaces resembling swiss cheese, as they tunnel their way through your yard and through our lovely planting areas here at the SLO Botanical Gardens. The burrowing rodents in the Central Coast are most commonly either California ground squirrels or pocket gophers. Both are common in residential settings and here at the SLO Botanical Gardens, so let’s take a closer look at these critters and see what they are all about.

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Pocket gophers are named for their cheek pouches, used in transporting food to their burrows.  Gophers are fossorial, meaning that they eat, sleep and breed underground, and are rarely seen aboveground. They are usually brown with tiny ears, long whiskers, and a short, thick, almost hairless tail. Gophers are herbivores who mostly eat the underground parts of plants (roots and tubers) but occasionally surface for a bite (or more!) of greenery, sometimes pulling whole plants back into their burrows, for a later snack. The presence of gophers can be identified in the garden by large mounds of soil next to an exit tunnel.

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The California ground squirrel is found throughout the state and thrives where winters are mild. Ground squirrels are a mottled grey and brown on top, with a lighter color on their bellies, a white eye ring, and bushy tails.  They are easy to identify because they forage above ground but will retreat to their burrows when frightened (distinct from tree squirrels, who instead climb a tree when startled, and never use burrows). Signs that grounds squirrels are at work nearby include many adjacent holes, smooth little paths in and around the tunnels, or loose plant material from vegetation feeding.

Do gophers and ground squirrels carry diseases? Well, as with many other animals such as wood rats, prairie dogs, chipmunks, mice and rabbits, gophers and ground squirrels can be infested with plague carrying fleas. This is relatively rare for gophers, but occasionally possible for ground squirrels because they live in large colonies, where diseases can be transmitted quickly. Burrowing rodents can also spread other diseases, so caution (and gloves) should be used when near animal burrows, and unusual number of dead rodents should be reported to public health officials.

Here at the Botanical Gardens, we discourage gophers and other burrowing animals in our planting areas by encouraging natural predators such as owls and hawks. The SLOBG has installed many owl houses and hawk nesting platforms around the perimeter of the gardens to provide free lodging for any birds willing to stand guard duty and enjoy free meals. These sharp-eyed raptors are even better at rodent control than humans could be, because they are on duty 24/7 and have keen sight and hearing designed just for locating prey. As a last resort, if the animal burrows become too dense, or enter vulnerable planting beds in the gardens, we use “smoke bombs” (administered by trained applicators) for below ground treatment of the critters.

For dealing with burrowing animals at home, we recommend that you: (1) Identify which type of critters are present; (2) Locate “fresh” areas of activity, by flattening out soils mounds with a shovel, and only treating the area if new mounds appear (also cover up old, inactive holes) and;  (3) Visit your local nursery or ranch supply store to ask what pest control products and deterrents work in your area. The options will be in one of two categories: non-lethal (discourage the critters from visiting specific garden areas) or lethal.  Non-lethal options may include planting new perennials and shrubs with “root baskets” surrounding the below-ground portions of the plant; broadcasting castor oil pellets or liquid spray (a natural repellent) around active burrows and throughout planting areas; or ultrasonic sound deterrents (sometimes effective for small areas). Lethal options may be desired for large acreages, or severe, recurrent damage to property or landscapes. These include setting traps or using smoke bombs or poisons, and all should be used with caution or under the guidance of a licensed professional.  

If you can’t beat them…. then try to appreciate the burrowing mammals for their place in the environment. Gophers and ground squirrels help add nutrients to soils; decomposition of the plant material underground, along with rodent poop can produce deep fertilization of soils. The burrows and furrows made by the tunnels provide soil aeration which can capture rainfall that might otherwise runoff and be lost. And gophers also serve as food for our owls and hawks… nature’s natural “varmint” control.

Science in the Gardens: It’s About Time

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The drive to understand our world is one of the reasons why science is important; the delicate dance of air, water, soils, plants and animals on this planet supports life--- both human life and everything else from earthworms to eagles. Learning how this balance works and why is fascinating, and it can help us make wise choices which support the things that people need from the earth; like fresh water, healthy soils, prolific crops, and controlled insect and disease outbreaks.

Understanding our world begins with asking “why”; and farmers, gardeners, scientists and schoolchildren have often wondered why and how plants, insects and birds behave differently from year to year. What causes cherry trees to bloom later some years? When will the monarch butterflies arrive? Does spring really seem to be arriving earlier than it did when I was a child? The answers to these questions begin with timing; nature keeps a hidden calendar whose secrets can be unlocked with a little detective work.

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Here at the San Luis Obispo Botanical Gardens a fascinating science project has been ongoing since 2012; where five of the Garden’s plants are being tracked by a long-term SLOBG volunteer. Each week, for the California buckeye (Aesculus californica), California wild rose (Rosa californica), California live oak (Quercus agrifolia), California poppy (Eschscholzia californica), and Chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum); our volunteer takes careful notes on data sheets in a fat notebook containing six years of carefully collected information. Observations are made for when bud and leaf growth first begin; and when plants flower, release pollen, and produce fruit. Coyotebrush (Baccharis pilularis) and Eastern Mojave Buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum) were initially included in the SLO-BG monitoring study, but flunked the class when they died off after a few years. Temperature and precipitation data are also noted to see how the plants respond to seasonal and annual changes.

All weekly notes and data are submitted on-line to the “Nature’s Notebook” at the National Phenology Network (https://www.usanpn.org/). This program is a nationwide effort to track nature’s calendar and determine how and when cycles change over time.  The National Phenology Network (NPN) is one of the longest running and most comprehensive citizen science efforts in the country, recently reaching a milestone 15 million records submitted by citizen scientists, government agencies, non-profit groups, educators, and students of all ages. After completing training, anyone can become a “citizen scientist” submitting data on key plant species to the NPN. The SLOBG is one of over 3200 monitoring sites in California alone, which submits seasonal cycle information on plants, insects and/or animals to the NPN.

The results can be used nationwide to help recognize and document nature’s cycles affecting people and the environment; such as developing a better understanding of when pollen season is likely to affect allergies; and helping farmers and gardeners track plant and insect development to decide when to apply fertilizers and pesticides. The information is also used to follow the effects of climate change on plant development to see whether long-term seasonal shifts in weather patterns are affecting plants; and what these changes will mean for the animals and insects who depend on them for food, shelter or nesting. For example, NPN data has been used to show that across the US, the beginning of spring (onset of new leaves and buds) is occurring earlier now than 95% of historical conditions during the past century (https://www.nps.gov/subjects/climatechange/upload/2016-10-26-NPS-Phen-Project-Brief.pdf).  This year, a premature spring is on the way once again, as NPN data from the past few weeks shows that spring is indeed arriving earlier across much of California, as of early 2019.

Our phenology tracking volunteer has discovered that observing the same plants over time has been a rewarding process, because looking at all phases of the plants more thoroughly enhances her powers of observation. Over time, the seasonal trials, tribulations, successes and failures of each plant are revealed to tell stories which can be shared with everyone across the world.  While many more years of patient plant tracking at the SLOBG will be needed to see whether our plants are responding to a changing climate, the information collected from this project gives us a little better understanding on the fascinating world of plants, and how they experience their world both individually and as a whole.

Let’s Go to South Africa (in the Botanical Gardens)

South African Succulents

By Tamara Blett

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Where can you find rugged Mediterranean plants, a world-famous wine region, scenic train routes, rugged rocky coastlines, and abundant birds and wildlife? The answer is BOTH the Central Coast of California and the southern-most country on the continent of Africa; South Africa. The San Luis Obispo Botanical Gardens specializes in plants native to the world’s five Mediterranean regions, including the South African Mediterranean area. You don’t have to travel on a long plane ride to view some of the spectacular plant life native to the African continent, just pack your camera, and walking shoes and take a short trip to the SLOBG.

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South African native plants have relevance for us here in the Central Coast, because they can survive and thrive in our local Mediterranean environment, increasing the repertoire of plants available to both the SLOBG and to gardeners at home. South African succulents are low maintenance, drought tolerant, fire resistant, and help prevent slope erosion. But perhaps their most appealing characteristic for gardeners is that many of these plants are winter bloomers, providing a welcome splash of color in January and February.  Maintaining a good selection of South African plants here at the SLOBG or at home is one of the best strategies for ensuring year-round blooms in a diverse and bountiful garden. Hummingbirds also visit the tempting flowers from the South African natives at the Botanical Gardens all winter long, and compete with each other for the best access to their sweet nectar.

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Most people are familiar with succulents as plants that store water in their stems, roots and leaves, making them feel fleshy or juicy. A common species of succulent plant contains the aloes.  The “juice” or sap of the aloe plant is well known as a remedy for scrapes and minor burns, but use caution (!) not all aloes are created equal, and some of them are NOT recommended for those uses. The two types of aloe plants most commonly used for medicinal or cosmetic purposes are Aloe vera and Aloe ferox.  Aloe vera has long been an ingredient in lotions and gels intended to soothe minor burns and moisturize skin, and Aloe ferox is valued as a commercial ingredient in many cosmetic products.

You’re invited to join us here at the Botanical Gardens on Saturday January 12, 2019 from 1-2 pm for a fascinating talk about South African succulent plants, including the aloes, presented by John Trager, the curator of the world-famous Huntington Desert Garden in Southern California.

There is no need to pack your suitcase for international travel just yet, the SLO Botanical Gardens has a little sample of South Africa just waiting for you to come and experience.

Does Nature Flirt?

Plant Pollinators in Action

by Tamara Blett

Plants don’t have on-line dating options for attracting the opposite sex, so they’ve evolved a wild and diverse bunch of strategies for ensuring the next generation of plants. Most plants reproduce by attracting pollinators to their flowers, with unique shapes, smells and colors to guide or tempt them into landing and exploring in just the right place to help bring together the pollen (from the male part of the plant), with the ovule (the female part of the plant). The pollinators benefit by getting a reward of food (nectar or pollen) or place to lay their eggs, and the plants benefit by producing fertilized seeds or fruit to continue their life-cycle into the future.

Here at the San Luis Obispo Botanical Garden we have some fascinating examples of the tricks and strategies plants have evolved to propagate themselves with the help of birds and insects.  Flower position is the first one; horizontal flowers tend to attract birds, and flowers that face upward often attract butterflies. One of our favorite butterfly attractors here at the Garden is the common yarrow (Achillea millefolium), which has white flowers in flat clusters. Color is crucial; birds notice red flowers more easily than other colors, while honey bees are color blind to red, but can see purple, yellow and white flowers. Some attractive flowering plants that birds love to visit here, are the hummingbird flower (Epilobium canum) and the island bush snapdragon (Gambelia speciosa).

Photo by Carolin Reuter

Photo by Carolin Reuter

Plants also release scents to draw in pollinators; sweet smells to attract bees, strong smells to bring in moths, and fruity smells to tempt beetles. The spice bush (Calycanthus occidentalis) near the entrance to the Garden has reddish flowers which are pollinated by a 3mm long beetle. The plant lures the beetle with a strong odor, but once the insect enters the flowers it is trapped by stiff downward pointing bristles and it has been fooled, no nectar is there! The beetle may remain stuck in the flower for up to two days, until the flower releases enough pollen to thoroughly dust the body of the insect. At that point the flower’s petals open wide and the pollen-carrying beetle is released.

Photo by Carolin Reuter

Photo by Carolin Reuter

Plants may also help the pollinators find the payoff of nectar, by showing them where to land on the flower and giving them directions to the good stuff. “Nectar guides” are lines or patterns on the flower petals that say to an insect “follow me to your nectar reward!”  Research has shown that having nectar guides can be beneficial to the plant as well, as the pattern guides the pollinator on a route which is most likely to result in coating the insect with pollen, resulting in greater chances for fertilization of other plants. Peruvian lilies (Alstromeria hybrid) are beautiful, large, pink and yellow flowers that grow in our botanical gardens. If you look closely at the petals, you will notice brown spots and lines which serve as nectar guides for bees on this species.

The Garden Shop has a wide selection of pollinator friendly plants available for sale, so stop by and pick some up for your own home’s landscaping, or come and stroll the paths of the botanical gardens to see plant flirts in action!